# Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Python Software Foundation
# Contact: email-sig@python.org
"""Quoted-printable content transfer encoding per RFCs 2045-2047.
This module handles the content transfer encoding method defined in RFC 2045
to encode US ASCII-like 8-bit data called `quoted-printable'. It is used to
safely encode text that is in a character set similar to the 7-bit US ASCII
character set, but that includes some 8-bit characters that are normally not
allowed in email bodies or headers.
Quoted-printable is very space-inefficient for encoding binary files; use the
email.base64mime module for that instead.
This module provides an interface to encode and decode both headers and bodies
with quoted-printable encoding.
RFC 2045 defines a method for including character set information in an
`encoded-word' in a header. This method is commonly used for 8-bit real names
in To:/From:/Cc: etc. fields, as well as Subject: lines.
This module does not do the line wrapping or end-of-line character
conversion necessary for proper internationalized headers; it only
does dumb encoding and decoding. To deal with the various line
wrapping issues, use the email.header module.
from string import hexdigits
from email.utils import fix_eols
hqre = re.compile(r'[^-a-zA-Z0-9!*+/ ]')
bqre = re.compile(r'[^ !-<>-~\t]')
def header_quopri_check(c):
"""Return True if the character should be escaped with header quopri."""
return bool(hqre.match(c))
def body_quopri_check(c):
"""Return True if the character should be escaped with body quopri."""
return bool(bqre.match(c))
def header_quopri_len(s):
"""Return the length of str when it is encoded with header quopri."""
def body_quopri_len(str):
"""Return the length of str when it is encoded with body quopri."""
def _max_append(L, s, maxlen, extra=''):
elif len(L[-1]) + len(s) <= maxlen:
"""Turn a string in the form =AB to the ASCII character with value 0xab"""
return chr(int(s[1:3], 16))
def header_encode(header, charset="iso-8859-1", keep_eols=False,
"""Encode a single header line with quoted-printable (like) encoding.
Defined in RFC 2045, this `Q' encoding is similar to quoted-printable, but
used specifically for email header fields to allow charsets with mostly 7
bit characters (and some 8 bit) to remain more or less readable in non-RFC
charset names the character set to use to encode the header. It defaults
The resulting string will be in the form:
"=?charset?q?I_f=E2rt_in_your_g=E8n=E8ral_dire=E7tion?\\n
=?charset?q?Silly_=C8nglish_Kn=EEghts?="
with each line wrapped safely at, at most, maxlinelen characters (defaults
to 76 characters). If maxlinelen is None, the entire string is encoded in
one chunk with no splitting.
End-of-line characters (\\r, \\n, \\r\\n) will be automatically converted
to the canonical email line separator \\r\\n unless the keep_eols
parameter is True (the default is False).
Each line of the header will be terminated in the value of eol, which
defaults to "\\n". Set this to "\\r\\n" if you are using the result of
this function directly in email.
# Return empty headers unchanged
header = fix_eols(header)
# Quopri encode each line, in encoded chunks no greater than maxlinelen in
# length, after the RFC chrome is added in.
# An obnoxiously large number that's good enough
max_encoded = maxlinelen - len(charset) - MISC_LEN - 1
# Space may be represented as _ instead of =20 for readability
_max_append(quoted, '_', max_encoded)
# These characters can be included verbatim
_max_append(quoted, c, max_encoded)
# Otherwise, replace with hex value like =E2
_max_append(quoted, "=%02X" % ord(c), max_encoded)
# Now add the RFC chrome to each encoded chunk and glue the chunks
# together. BAW: should we be able to specify the leading whitespace in
return joiner.join(['=?%s?q?%s?=' % (charset, line) for line in quoted])
def encode(body, binary=False, maxlinelen=76, eol=NL):
"""Encode with quoted-printable, wrapping at maxlinelen characters.
If binary is False (the default), end-of-line characters will be converted
to the canonical email end-of-line sequence \\r\\n. Otherwise they will
Each line of encoded text will end with eol, which defaults to "\\n". Set
this to "\\r\\n" if you will be using the result of this function directly
Each line will be wrapped at, at most, maxlinelen characters (defaults to
76 characters). Long lines will have the `soft linefeed' quoted-printable
character "=" appended to them, so the decoded text will be identical to
# BAW: We're accumulating the body text by string concatenation. That
# can't be very efficient, but I don't have time now to rewrite it. It
# just feels like this algorithm could be more efficient.
# Preserve line endings here so we can check later to see an eol needs to
# be added to the output later.
lines = body.splitlines(1)
# But strip off line-endings for processing this line.
# Now we need to examine every character to see if it needs to be
# quopri encoded. BAW: again, string concatenation is inefficient.
# Check for whitespace at end of line; special case
# Check to see to see if the line has reached its maximum length
if len(encoded_line) + len(c) >= maxlinelen:
encoded_body += encoded_line + '=' + eol
if prev and prev in ' \t':
# Special case for whitespace at end of file
if lineno + 1 == len(lines):
if len(encoded_line) + len(prev) > maxlinelen:
encoded_body += encoded_line + '=' + eol + prev
encoded_body += encoded_line + prev
# Just normal whitespace at end of line
encoded_body += encoded_line + prev + '=' + eol
# Now look at the line we just finished and it has a line ending, we
# need to add eol to the end of the line.
if lines[lineno].endswith(CRLF) or lines[lineno][-1] in CRLF:
encoded_body += encoded_line + eol
encoded_body += encoded_line
# For convenience and backwards compatibility w/ standard base64 module
# BAW: I'm not sure if the intent was for the signature of this function to be
# the same as base64MIME.decode() or not...
def decode(encoded, eol=NL):
"""Decode a quoted-printable string.
Lines are separated with eol, which defaults to \\n.
# BAW: see comment in encode() above. Again, we're building up the
# decoded string with string concatenation, which could be done much more
for line in encoded.splitlines():
# Otherwise, c == "=". Are we at the end of the line? If so, add
elif i+2 < n and line[i+1] in hexdigits and line[i+2] in hexdigits:
decoded += unquote(line[i:i+3])
# Otherwise, not in form =AB, pass literally
# Special case if original string did not end with eol
if not encoded.endswith(eol) and decoded.endswith(eol):
# For convenience and backwards compatibility w/ standard base64 module
def _unquote_match(match):
"""Turn a match in the form =AB to the ASCII character with value 0xab"""
# Header decoding is done a bit differently
"""Decode a string encoded with RFC 2045 MIME header `Q' encoding.
This function does not parse a full MIME header value encoded with
quoted-printable (like =?iso-8859-1?q?Hello_World?=) -- please use
the high level email.header class for that functionality.
return re.sub(r'=[a-fA-F0-9]{2}', _unquote_match, s)
It is recommended that you Edit text format, this type of Fix handles quite a lot in one request
