"""Text wrapping and filling.
# Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Gregory P. Ward.
# Copyright (C) 2002, 2003 Python Software Foundation.
# Written by Greg Ward <gward@python.net>
__all__ = ['TextWrapper', 'wrap', 'fill', 'dedent', 'indent', 'shorten']
# Hardcode the recognized whitespace characters to the US-ASCII
# whitespace characters. The main reason for doing this is that
# some Unicode spaces (like \u00a0) are non-breaking whitespaces.
_whitespace = '\t\n\x0b\x0c\r '
Object for wrapping/filling text. The public interface consists of
the wrap() and fill() methods; the other methods are just there for
subclasses to override in order to tweak the default behaviour.
If you want to completely replace the main wrapping algorithm,
you'll probably have to override _wrap_chunks().
Several instance attributes control various aspects of wrapping:
the maximum width of wrapped lines (unless break_long_words
initial_indent (default: "")
string that will be prepended to the first line of wrapped
output. Counts towards the line's width.
subsequent_indent (default: "")
string that will be prepended to all lines save the first
of wrapped output; also counts towards each line's width.
expand_tabs (default: true)
Expand tabs in input text to spaces before further processing.
Each tab will become 0 .. 'tabsize' spaces, depending on its position
in its line. If false, each tab is treated as a single character.
Expand tabs in input text to 0 .. 'tabsize' spaces, unless
replace_whitespace (default: true)
Replace all whitespace characters in the input text by spaces
after tab expansion. Note that if expand_tabs is false and
replace_whitespace is true, every tab will be converted to a
fix_sentence_endings (default: false)
Ensure that sentence-ending punctuation is always followed
by two spaces. Off by default because the algorithm is
break_long_words (default: true)
Break words longer than 'width'. If false, those words will not
be broken, and some lines might be longer than 'width'.
break_on_hyphens (default: true)
Allow breaking hyphenated words. If true, wrapping will occur
preferably on whitespaces and right after hyphens part of
drop_whitespace (default: true)
Drop leading and trailing whitespace from lines.
max_lines (default: None)
placeholder (default: ' [...]')
Append to the last line of truncated text.
unicode_whitespace_trans = {}
unicode_whitespace_trans[ord(x)] = uspace
# This funky little regex is just the trick for splitting
# text up into word-wrappable chunks. E.g.
# "Hello there -- you goof-ball, use the -b option!"
# Hello/ /there/ /--/ /you/ /goof-/ball,/ /use/ /the/ /-b/ /option!
# (after stripping out empty strings).
word_punct = r'[\w!"\'&.,?]'
whitespace = r'[%s]' % re.escape(_whitespace)
nowhitespace = '[^' + whitespace[1:]
wordsep_re = re.compile(r'''
| # em-dash between words
| # word, possibly hyphenated
-(?: (?<=%(lt)s{2}-) | (?<=%(lt)s-%(lt)s-))
)''' % {'wp': word_punct, 'lt': letter,
'ws': whitespace, 'nws': nowhitespace},
del word_punct, letter, nowhitespace
# This less funky little regex just split on recognized spaces. E.g.
# "Hello there -- you goof-ball, use the -b option!"
# Hello/ /there/ /--/ /you/ /goof-ball,/ /use/ /the/ /-b/ /option!/
wordsep_simple_re = re.compile(r'(%s+)' % whitespace)
# XXX this is not locale- or charset-aware -- string.lowercase
# is US-ASCII only (and therefore English-only)
sentence_end_re = re.compile(r'[a-z]' # lowercase letter
r'[\.\!\?]' # sentence-ending punct.
r'[\"\']?' # optional end-of-quote
fix_sentence_endings=False,
self.initial_indent = initial_indent
self.subsequent_indent = subsequent_indent
self.expand_tabs = expand_tabs
self.replace_whitespace = replace_whitespace
self.fix_sentence_endings = fix_sentence_endings
self.break_long_words = break_long_words
self.drop_whitespace = drop_whitespace
self.break_on_hyphens = break_on_hyphens
self.max_lines = max_lines
self.placeholder = placeholder
# -- Private methods -----------------------------------------------
# (possibly useful for subclasses to override)
def _munge_whitespace(self, text):
"""_munge_whitespace(text : string) -> string
Munge whitespace in text: expand tabs and convert all other
whitespace characters to spaces. Eg. " foo\\tbar\\n\\nbaz"
text = text.expandtabs(self.tabsize)
if self.replace_whitespace:
text = text.translate(self.unicode_whitespace_trans)
"""_split(text : string) -> [string]
Split the text to wrap into indivisible chunks. Chunks are
not quite the same as words; see _wrap_chunks() for full
details. As an example, the text
Look, goof-ball -- use the -b option!
breaks into the following chunks:
'Look,', ' ', 'goof-', 'ball', ' ', '--', ' ',
'use', ' ', 'the', ' ', '-b', ' ', 'option!'
if break_on_hyphens is True, or in:
'Look,', ' ', 'goof-ball', ' ', '--', ' ',
'use', ' ', 'the', ' ', '-b', ' ', option!'
if self.break_on_hyphens is True:
chunks = self.wordsep_re.split(text)
chunks = self.wordsep_simple_re.split(text)
chunks = [c for c in chunks if c]
def _fix_sentence_endings(self, chunks):
"""_fix_sentence_endings(chunks : [string])
Correct for sentence endings buried in 'chunks'. Eg. when the
original text contains "... foo.\\nBar ...", munge_whitespace()
and split() will convert that to [..., "foo.", " ", "Bar", ...]
which has one too few spaces; this method simply changes the one
patsearch = self.sentence_end_re.search
if chunks[i+1] == " " and patsearch(chunks[i]):
def _handle_long_word(self, reversed_chunks, cur_line, cur_len, width):
"""_handle_long_word(chunks : [string],
cur_len : int, width : int)
Handle a chunk of text (most likely a word, not whitespace) that
is too long to fit in any line.
# Figure out when indent is larger than the specified width, and make
# sure at least one character is stripped off on every pass
space_left = width - cur_len
# If we're allowed to break long words, then do so: put as much
# of the next chunk onto the current line as will fit.
if self.break_long_words:
cur_line.append(reversed_chunks[-1][:space_left])
reversed_chunks[-1] = reversed_chunks[-1][space_left:]
# Otherwise, we have to preserve the long word intact. Only add
# it to the current line if there's nothing already there --
# that minimizes how much we violate the width constraint.
cur_line.append(reversed_chunks.pop())
# If we're not allowed to break long words, and there's already
# text on the current line, do nothing. Next time through the
# main loop of _wrap_chunks(), we'll wind up here again, but
# cur_len will be zero, so the next line will be entirely
# devoted to the long word that we can't handle right now.
def _wrap_chunks(self, chunks):
"""_wrap_chunks(chunks : [string]) -> [string]
Wrap a sequence of text chunks and return a list of lines of
length 'self.width' or less. (If 'break_long_words' is false,
some lines may be longer than this.) Chunks correspond roughly
to words and the whitespace between them: each chunk is
indivisible (modulo 'break_long_words'), but a line break can
come between any two chunks. Chunks should not have internal
whitespace; ie. a chunk is either all whitespace or a "word".
Whitespace chunks will be removed from the beginning and end of
lines, but apart from that whitespace is preserved.
raise ValueError("invalid width %r (must be > 0)" % self.width)
if self.max_lines is not None:
indent = self.subsequent_indent
indent = self.initial_indent
if len(indent) + len(self.placeholder.lstrip()) > self.width:
raise ValueError("placeholder too large for max width")
# Arrange in reverse order so items can be efficiently popped
# from a stack of chucks.
# Start the list of chunks that will make up the current line.
# cur_len is just the length of all the chunks in cur_line.
# Figure out which static string will prefix this line.
indent = self.subsequent_indent
indent = self.initial_indent
# Maximum width for this line.
width = self.width - len(indent)
# First chunk on line is whitespace -- drop it, unless this
# is the very beginning of the text (ie. no lines started yet).
if self.drop_whitespace and chunks[-1].strip() == '' and lines:
# Can at least squeeze this chunk onto the current line.
cur_line.append(chunks.pop())
# Nope, this line is full.
# The current line is full, and the next chunk is too big to
# fit on *any* line (not just this one).
if chunks and len(chunks[-1]) > width:
self._handle_long_word(chunks, cur_line, cur_len, width)
cur_len = sum(map(len, cur_line))
# If the last chunk on this line is all whitespace, drop it.
if self.drop_whitespace and cur_line and cur_line[-1].strip() == '':
cur_len -= len(cur_line[-1])
if (self.max_lines is None or
len(lines) + 1 < self.max_lines or
not chunks[0].strip()) and cur_len <= width):
# Convert current line back to a string and store it in
# list of all lines (return value).
lines.append(indent + ''.join(cur_line))
if (cur_line[-1].strip() and
cur_len + len(self.placeholder) <= width):
cur_line.append(self.placeholder)
lines.append(indent + ''.join(cur_line))
cur_len -= len(cur_line[-1])
prev_line = lines[-1].rstrip()
if (len(prev_line) + len(self.placeholder) <=
lines[-1] = prev_line + self.placeholder
lines.append(indent + self.placeholder.lstrip())
def _split_chunks(self, text):
text = self._munge_whitespace(text)
# -- Public interface ----------------------------------------------
"""wrap(text : string) -> [string]
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' so it fits in lines of
no more than 'self.width' columns, and return a list of wrapped
lines. Tabs in 'text' are expanded with string.expandtabs(),
and all other whitespace characters (including newline) are
chunks = self._split_chunks(text)
if self.fix_sentence_endings:
self._fix_sentence_endings(chunks)
return self._wrap_chunks(chunks)
"""fill(text : string) -> string
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' to fit in lines of no
more than 'self.width' columns, and return a new string
containing the entire wrapped paragraph.
return "\n".join(self.wrap(text))
# -- Convenience interface ---------------------------------------------
def wrap(text, width=70, **kwargs):
"""Wrap a single paragraph of text, returning a list of wrapped lines.
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' so it fits in lines of no
more than 'width' columns, and return a list of wrapped lines. By
default, tabs in 'text' are expanded with string.expandtabs(), and
all other whitespace characters (including newline) are converted to
space. See TextWrapper class for available keyword args to customize
w = TextWrapper(width=width, **kwargs)
def fill(text, width=70, **kwargs):
"""Fill a single paragraph of text, returning a new string.
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' to fit in lines of no more
than 'width' columns, and return a new string containing the entire
wrapped paragraph. As with wrap(), tabs are expanded and other
whitespace characters converted to space. See TextWrapper class for
available keyword args to customize wrapping behaviour.
w = TextWrapper(width=width, **kwargs)
def shorten(text, width, **kwargs):
"""Collapse and truncate the given text to fit in the given width.
The text first has its whitespace collapsed. If it then fits in
the *width*, it is returned as is. Otherwise, as many words
as possible are joined and then the placeholder is appended::
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=12)
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=11)
w = TextWrapper(width=width, max_lines=1, **kwargs)
return w.fill(' '.join(text.strip().split()))
# -- Loosely related functionality -------------------------------------
_whitespace_only_re = re.compile('^[ \t]+$', re.MULTILINE)
_leading_whitespace_re = re.compile('(^[ \t]*)(?:[^ \t\n])', re.MULTILINE)
"""Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in `text`.
This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left
edge of the display, while still presenting them in the source code
Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they
are not equal: the lines " hello" and "\\thello" are
considered to have no common leading whitespace. (This behaviour is
new in Python 2.5; older versions of this module incorrectly
expanded tabs before searching for common leading whitespace.)
# Look for the longest leading string of spaces and tabs common to
text = _whitespace_only_re.sub('', text)
indents = _leading_whitespace_re.findall(text)
# Current line more deeply indented than previous winner:
# no change (previous winner is still on top).
elif indent.startswith(margin):
# Current line consistent with and no deeper than previous winner:
elif margin.startswith(indent):
# Find the largest common whitespace between current line and previous
for i, (x, y) in enumerate(zip(margin, indent)):
margin = margin[:len(indent)]
# sanity check (testing/debugging only)
for line in text.split("\n"):
assert not line or line.startswith(margin), \
"line = %r, margin = %r" % (line, margin)
text = re.sub(r'(?m)^' + margin, '', text)
def indent(text, prefix, predicate=None):
"""Adds 'prefix' to the beginning of selected lines in 'text'.
If 'predicate' is provided, 'prefix' will only be added to the lines
where 'predicate(line)' is True. If 'predicate' is not provided,
it will default to adding 'prefix' to all non-empty lines that do not
consist solely of whitespace characters.
for line in text.splitlines(True):
yield (prefix + line if predicate(line) else line)
return ''.join(prefixed_lines())
if __name__ == "__main__":
#print dedent("\tfoo\n\tbar")
#print dedent(" \thello there\n \t how are you?")
print(dedent("Hello there.\n This is indented."))
It is recommended that you Edit text format, this type of Fix handles quite a lot in one request
