# Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Python Software Foundation
# Contact: email-sig@python.org
"""Quoted-printable content transfer encoding per RFCs 2045-2047.
This module handles the content transfer encoding method defined in RFC 2045
to encode US ASCII-like 8-bit data called `quoted-printable'. It is used to
safely encode text that is in a character set similar to the 7-bit US ASCII
character set, but that includes some 8-bit characters that are normally not
allowed in email bodies or headers.
Quoted-printable is very space-inefficient for encoding binary files; use the
email.base64mime module for that instead.
This module provides an interface to encode and decode both headers and bodies
with quoted-printable encoding.
RFC 2045 defines a method for including character set information in an
`encoded-word' in a header. This method is commonly used for 8-bit real names
in To:/From:/Cc: etc. fields, as well as Subject: lines.
This module does not do the line wrapping or end-of-line character
conversion necessary for proper internationalized headers; it only
does dumb encoding and decoding. To deal with the various line
wrapping issues, use the email.header module.
from string import ascii_letters, digits, hexdigits
# Build a mapping of octets to the expansion of that octet. Since we're only
# going to have 256 of these things, this isn't terribly inefficient
# space-wise. Remember that headers and bodies have different sets of safe
# characters. Initialize both maps with the full expansion, and then override
# the safe bytes with the more compact form.
_QUOPRI_MAP = ['=%02X' % c for c in range(256)]
_QUOPRI_HEADER_MAP = _QUOPRI_MAP[:]
_QUOPRI_BODY_MAP = _QUOPRI_MAP[:]
# Safe header bytes which need no encoding.
for c in b'-!*+/' + ascii_letters.encode('ascii') + digits.encode('ascii'):
_QUOPRI_HEADER_MAP[c] = chr(c)
# Headers have one other special encoding; spaces become underscores.
_QUOPRI_HEADER_MAP[ord(' ')] = '_'
# Safe body bytes which need no encoding.
for c in (b' !"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<>'
b'?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`'
b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\t'):
_QUOPRI_BODY_MAP[c] = chr(c)
"""Return True if the octet should be escaped with header quopri."""
return chr(octet) != _QUOPRI_HEADER_MAP[octet]
"""Return True if the octet should be escaped with body quopri."""
return chr(octet) != _QUOPRI_BODY_MAP[octet]
def header_length(bytearray):
"""Return a header quoted-printable encoding length.
Note that this does not include any RFC 2047 chrome added by
:param bytearray: An array of bytes (a.k.a. octets).
:return: The length in bytes of the byte array when it is encoded with
quoted-printable for headers.
return sum(len(_QUOPRI_HEADER_MAP[octet]) for octet in bytearray)
def body_length(bytearray):
"""Return a body quoted-printable encoding length.
:param bytearray: An array of bytes (a.k.a. octets).
:return: The length in bytes of the byte array when it is encoded with
quoted-printable for bodies.
return sum(len(_QUOPRI_BODY_MAP[octet]) for octet in bytearray)
def _max_append(L, s, maxlen, extra=''):
if not isinstance(s, str):
elif len(L[-1]) + len(s) <= maxlen:
"""Turn a string in the form =AB to the ASCII character with value 0xab"""
return chr(int(s[1:3], 16))
return _QUOPRI_MAP[ord(c)]
def header_encode(header_bytes, charset='iso-8859-1'):
"""Encode a single header line with quoted-printable (like) encoding.
Defined in RFC 2045, this `Q' encoding is similar to quoted-printable, but
used specifically for email header fields to allow charsets with mostly 7
bit characters (and some 8 bit) to remain more or less readable in non-RFC
charset names the character set to use in the RFC 2046 header. It
# Return empty headers as an empty string.
# Iterate over every byte, encoding if necessary.
encoded = header_bytes.decode('latin1').translate(_QUOPRI_HEADER_MAP)
# Now add the RFC chrome to each encoded chunk and glue the chunks
return '=?%s?q?%s?=' % (charset, encoded)
_QUOPRI_BODY_ENCODE_MAP = _QUOPRI_BODY_MAP[:]
_QUOPRI_BODY_ENCODE_MAP[c] = chr(c)
def body_encode(body, maxlinelen=76, eol=NL):
"""Encode with quoted-printable, wrapping at maxlinelen characters.
Each line of encoded text will end with eol, which defaults to "\\n". Set
this to "\\r\\n" if you will be using the result of this function directly
Each line will be wrapped at, at most, maxlinelen characters before the
eol string (maxlinelen defaults to 76 characters, the maximum value
permitted by RFC 2045). Long lines will have the 'soft line break'
quoted-printable character "=" appended to them, so the decoded text will
be identical to the original text.
The minimum maxlinelen is 4 to have room for a quoted character ("=XX")
followed by a soft line break. Smaller values will generate a
raise ValueError("maxlinelen must be at least 4")
# quote special characters
body = body.translate(_QUOPRI_BODY_ENCODE_MAP)
# leave space for the '=' at the end of a line
maxlinelen1 = maxlinelen - 1
append = encoded_body.append
for line in body.splitlines():
# break up the line into pieces no longer than maxlinelen - 1
laststart = len(line) - 1 - maxlinelen
while start <= laststart:
stop = start + maxlinelen1
# make sure we don't break up an escape sequence
if line[stop - 2] == '=':
append(line[start:stop - 1])
elif line[stop - 1] == '=':
append(line[start:stop] + '=')
# handle rest of line, special case if line ends in whitespace
if line and line[-1] in ' \t':
# It's a whitespace character at end-of-line, and we have room
# for the three-character quoted encoding.
# There's room for the whitespace character and a soft break.
q = line[-1] + soft_break
# There's room only for a soft break. The quoted whitespace
# will be the only content on the subsequent line.
q = soft_break + quote(line[-1])
append(line[start:-1] + q)
# add back final newline if present
return eol.join(encoded_body)
# BAW: I'm not sure if the intent was for the signature of this function to be
# the same as base64MIME.decode() or not...
def decode(encoded, eol=NL):
"""Decode a quoted-printable string.
Lines are separated with eol, which defaults to \\n.
# BAW: see comment in encode() above. Again, we're building up the
# decoded string with string concatenation, which could be done much more
for line in encoded.splitlines():
# Otherwise, c == "=". Are we at the end of the line? If so, add
elif i+2 < n and line[i+1] in hexdigits and line[i+2] in hexdigits:
decoded += unquote(line[i:i+3])
# Otherwise, not in form =AB, pass literally
# Special case if original string did not end with eol
if encoded[-1] not in '\r\n' and decoded.endswith(eol):
# For convenience and backwards compatibility w/ standard base64 module
def _unquote_match(match):
"""Turn a match in the form =AB to the ASCII character with value 0xab"""
# Header decoding is done a bit differently
"""Decode a string encoded with RFC 2045 MIME header `Q' encoding.
This function does not parse a full MIME header value encoded with
quoted-printable (like =?iso-8859-1?q?Hello_World?=) -- please use
the high level email.header class for that functionality.
return re.sub(r'=[a-fA-F0-9]{2}', _unquote_match, s, flags=re.ASCII)
It is recommended that you Edit text format, this type of Fix handles quite a lot in one request
