* Main WordPress Formatting API.
* Handles many functions for formatting output.
* Replaces common plain text characters with formatted entities.
* Returns given text with transformations of quotes into smart quotes, apostrophes,
* dashes, ellipses, the trademark symbol, and the multiplication symbol.
* 'cause today's effort makes it worth tomorrow's "holiday" ...
* ’cause today’s effort makes it worth tomorrow’s “holiday” …
* Code within certain HTML blocks are skipped.
* Do not use this function before the {@see 'init'} action hook; everything will break.
* @global array $wp_cockneyreplace Array of formatted entities for certain common phrases.
* @global array $shortcode_tags
* @param string $text The text to be formatted.
* @param bool $reset Set to true for unit testing. Translated patterns will reset.
* @return string The string replaced with HTML entities.
function wptexturize( $text, $reset = false ) {
global $wp_cockneyreplace, $shortcode_tags;
static $static_characters = null,
$static_replacements = null,
$dynamic_characters = null,
$dynamic_replacements = null,
$default_no_texturize_tags = null,
$default_no_texturize_shortcodes = null,
$opening_single_quote = null,
$closing_single_quote = null,
$open_q_flag = '<!--oq-->',
$open_sq_flag = '<!--osq-->',
$apos_flag = '<!--apos-->';
// If there's nothing to do, just stop.
if ( empty( $text ) || false === $run_texturize ) {
// Set up static variables. Run once only.
if ( $reset || ! isset( $static_characters ) ) {
* Filters whether to skip running wptexturize().
* Returning false from the filter will effectively short-circuit wptexturize()
* and return the original text passed to the function instead.
* The filter runs only once, the first time wptexturize() is called.
* @param bool $run_texturize Whether to short-circuit wptexturize().
$run_texturize = apply_filters( 'run_wptexturize', $run_texturize );
if ( false === $run_texturize ) {
/* translators: Opening curly double quote. */
$opening_quote = _x( '“', 'opening curly double quote' );
/* translators: Closing curly double quote. */
$closing_quote = _x( '”', 'closing curly double quote' );
/* translators: Apostrophe, for example in 'cause or can't. */
$apos = _x( '’', 'apostrophe' );
/* translators: Prime, for example in 9' (nine feet). */
$prime = _x( '′', 'prime' );
/* translators: Double prime, for example in 9" (nine inches). */
$double_prime = _x( '″', 'double prime' );
/* translators: Opening curly single quote. */
$opening_single_quote = _x( '‘', 'opening curly single quote' );
/* translators: Closing curly single quote. */
$closing_single_quote = _x( '’', 'closing curly single quote' );
/* translators: En dash. */
$en_dash = _x( '–', 'en dash' );
/* translators: Em dash. */
$em_dash = _x( '—', 'em dash' );
$default_no_texturize_tags = array( 'pre', 'code', 'kbd', 'style', 'script', 'tt' );
$default_no_texturize_shortcodes = array( 'code' );
// If a plugin has provided an autocorrect array, use it.
if ( isset( $wp_cockneyreplace ) ) {
$cockney = array_keys( $wp_cockneyreplace );
$cockneyreplace = array_values( $wp_cockneyreplace );
* translators: This is a comma-separated list of words that defy the syntax of quotations in normal use,
* for example... 'We do not have enough words yet'... is a typical quoted phrase. But when we write
* lines of code 'til we have enough of 'em, then we need to insert apostrophes instead of quotes.
"'tain't,'twere,'twas,'tis,'twill,'til,'bout,'nuff,'round,'cause,'em",
'Comma-separated list of words to texturize in your language'
$cockneyreplace = explode(
'’tain’t,’twere,’twas,’tis,’twill,’til,’bout,’nuff,’round,’cause,’em',
'Comma-separated list of replacement words in your language'
$static_characters = array_merge( array( '...', '``', '\'\'', ' (tm)' ), $cockney );
$static_replacements = array_merge( array( '…', $opening_quote, $closing_quote, ' ™' ), $cockneyreplace );
// Pattern-based replacements of characters.
// Sort the remaining patterns into several arrays for performance tuning.
$dynamic_characters = array(
$dynamic_replacements = array(
$spaces = wp_spaces_regexp();
// '99' and '99" are ambiguous among other patterns; assume it's an abbreviated year at the end of a quotation.
if ( "'" !== $apos || "'" !== $closing_single_quote ) {
$dynamic[ '/\'(\d\d)\'(?=\Z|[.,:;!?)}\-\]]|>|' . $spaces . ')/' ] = $apos_flag . '$1' . $closing_single_quote;
if ( "'" !== $apos || '"' !== $closing_quote ) {
$dynamic[ '/\'(\d\d)"(?=\Z|[.,:;!?)}\-\]]|>|' . $spaces . ')/' ] = $apos_flag . '$1' . $closing_quote;
// '99 '99s '99's (apostrophe) But never '9 or '99% or '999 or '99.0.
$dynamic['/\'(?=\d\d(?:\Z|(?![%\d]|[.,]\d)))/'] = $apos_flag;
// Quoted numbers like '0.42'.
if ( "'" !== $opening_single_quote && "'" !== $closing_single_quote ) {
$dynamic[ '/(?<=\A|' . $spaces . ')\'(\d[.,\d]*)\'/' ] = $open_sq_flag . '$1' . $closing_single_quote;
// Single quote at start, or preceded by (, {, <, [, ", -, or spaces.
if ( "'" !== $opening_single_quote ) {
$dynamic[ '/(?<=\A|[([{"\-]|<|' . $spaces . ')\'/' ] = $open_sq_flag;
// Apostrophe in a word. No spaces, double apostrophes, or other punctuation.
$dynamic[ '/(?<!' . $spaces . ')\'(?!\Z|[.,:;!?"\'(){}[\]\-]|&[lg]t;|' . $spaces . ')/' ] = $apos_flag;
$dynamic_characters['apos'] = array_keys( $dynamic );
$dynamic_replacements['apos'] = array_values( $dynamic );
// Quoted numbers like "42".
if ( '"' !== $opening_quote && '"' !== $closing_quote ) {
$dynamic[ '/(?<=\A|' . $spaces . ')"(\d[.,\d]*)"/' ] = $open_q_flag . '$1' . $closing_quote;
// Double quote at start, or preceded by (, {, <, [, -, or spaces, and not followed by spaces.
if ( '"' !== $opening_quote ) {
$dynamic[ '/(?<=\A|[([{\-]|<|' . $spaces . ')"(?!' . $spaces . ')/' ] = $open_q_flag;
$dynamic_characters['quote'] = array_keys( $dynamic );
$dynamic_replacements['quote'] = array_values( $dynamic );
$dynamic['/---/'] = $em_dash;
$dynamic[ '/(?<=^|' . $spaces . ')--(?=$|' . $spaces . ')/' ] = $em_dash;
$dynamic['/(?<!xn)--/'] = $en_dash;
$dynamic[ '/(?<=^|' . $spaces . ')-(?=$|' . $spaces . ')/' ] = $en_dash;
$dynamic_characters['dash'] = array_keys( $dynamic );
$dynamic_replacements['dash'] = array_values( $dynamic );
// Must do this every time in case plugins use these filters in a context sensitive manner.
* Filters the list of HTML elements not to texturize.
* @param string[] $default_no_texturize_tags An array of HTML element names.
$no_texturize_tags = apply_filters( 'no_texturize_tags', $default_no_texturize_tags );
* Filters the list of shortcodes not to texturize.
* @param string[] $default_no_texturize_shortcodes An array of shortcode names.
$no_texturize_shortcodes = apply_filters( 'no_texturize_shortcodes', $default_no_texturize_shortcodes );
$no_texturize_tags_stack = array();
$no_texturize_shortcodes_stack = array();
// Look for shortcodes and HTML elements.
preg_match_all( '@\[/?([^<>&/\[\]\x00-\x20=]++)@', $text, $matches );
$tagnames = array_intersect( array_keys( $shortcode_tags ), $matches[1] );
$found_shortcodes = ! empty( $tagnames );
$shortcode_regex = $found_shortcodes ? _get_wptexturize_shortcode_regex( $tagnames ) : '';
$regex = _get_wptexturize_split_regex( $shortcode_regex );
$textarr = preg_split( $regex, $text, -1, PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY );
foreach ( $textarr as &$curl ) {
// Only call _wptexturize_pushpop_element if $curl is a delimiter.
if ( '<!--' === substr( $curl, 0, 4 ) ) {
// This is an HTML comment delimiter.
// This is an HTML element delimiter.
// Replace each & with & unless it already looks like an entity.
$curl = preg_replace( '/&(?!#(?:\d+|x[a-f0-9]+);|[a-z1-4]{1,8};)/i', '&', $curl );
_wptexturize_pushpop_element( $curl, $no_texturize_tags_stack, $no_texturize_tags );
} elseif ( '' === trim( $curl ) ) {
// This is a newline between delimiters. Performance improves when we check this.
} elseif ( '[' === $first && $found_shortcodes && 1 === preg_match( '/^' . $shortcode_regex . '$/', $curl ) ) {
// This is a shortcode delimiter.
if ( '[[' !== substr( $curl, 0, 2 ) && ']]' !== substr( $curl, -2 ) ) {
// Looks like a normal shortcode.
_wptexturize_pushpop_element( $curl, $no_texturize_shortcodes_stack, $no_texturize_shortcodes );
// Looks like an escaped shortcode.
} elseif ( empty( $no_texturize_shortcodes_stack ) && empty( $no_texturize_tags_stack ) ) {
// This is neither a delimiter, nor is this content inside of no_texturize pairs. Do texturize.
$curl = str_replace( $static_characters, $static_replacements, $curl );
if ( false !== strpos( $curl, "'" ) ) {
$curl = preg_replace( $dynamic_characters['apos'], $dynamic_replacements['apos'], $curl );
$curl = wptexturize_primes( $curl, "'", $prime, $open_sq_flag, $closing_single_quote );
$curl = str_replace( $apos_flag, $apos, $curl );
$curl = str_replace( $open_sq_flag, $opening_single_quote, $curl );
if ( false !== strpos( $curl, '"' ) ) {
$curl = preg_replace( $dynamic_characters['quote'], $dynamic_replacements['quote'], $curl );
$curl = wptexturize_primes( $curl, '"', $double_prime, $open_q_flag, $closing_quote );
$curl = str_replace( $open_q_flag, $opening_quote, $curl );
if ( false !== strpos( $curl, '-' ) ) {
$curl = preg_replace( $dynamic_characters['dash'], $dynamic_replacements['dash'], $curl );
// 9x9 (times), but never 0x9999.
if ( 1 === preg_match( '/(?<=\d)x\d/', $curl ) ) {
// Searching for a digit is 10 times more expensive than for the x, so we avoid doing this one!
$curl = preg_replace( '/\b(\d(?(?<=0)[\d\.,]+|[\d\.,]*))x(\d[\d\.,]*)\b/', '$1×$2', $curl );
// Replace each & with & unless it already looks like an entity.
$curl = preg_replace( '/&(?!#(?:\d+|x[a-f0-9]+);|[a-z1-4]{1,8};)/i', '&', $curl );
return implode( '', $textarr );
* Implements a logic tree to determine whether or not "7'." represents seven feet,
* then converts the special char into either a prime char or a closing quote char.
* @param string $haystack The plain text to be searched.
* @param string $needle The character to search for such as ' or ".
* @param string $prime The prime char to use for replacement.
* @param string $open_quote The opening quote char. Opening quote replacement must be
* @param string $close_quote The closing quote char to use for replacement.
* @return string The $haystack value after primes and quotes replacements.
function wptexturize_primes( $haystack, $needle, $prime, $open_quote, $close_quote ) {
$spaces = wp_spaces_regexp();
$flag = '<!--wp-prime-or-quote-->';
$quote_pattern = "/$needle(?=\\Z|[.,:;!?)}\\-\\]]|>|" . $spaces . ')/';
$prime_pattern = "/(?<=\\d)$needle/";
$flag_after_digit = "/(?<=\\d)$flag/";
$flag_no_digit = "/(?<!\\d)$flag/";
$sentences = explode( $open_quote, $haystack );
foreach ( $sentences as $key => &$sentence ) {
if ( false === strpos( $sentence, $needle ) ) {
} elseif ( 0 !== $key && 0 === substr_count( $sentence, $close_quote ) ) {
$sentence = preg_replace( $quote_pattern, $flag, $sentence, -1, $count );
// This sentence appears to have multiple closing quotes. Attempt Vulcan logic.
$sentence = preg_replace( $flag_no_digit, $close_quote, $sentence, -1, $count2 );
// Try looking for a quote followed by a period.
$count2 = substr_count( $sentence, "$flag." );
// Assume the rightmost quote-period match is the end of quotation.
$pos = strrpos( $sentence, "$flag." );
// When all else fails, make the rightmost candidate a closing quote.
// This is most likely to be problematic in the context of bug #18549.
$pos = strrpos( $sentence, $flag );
$sentence = substr_replace( $sentence, $close_quote, $pos, strlen( $flag ) );
// Use conventional replacement on any remaining primes and quotes.
$sentence = preg_replace( $prime_pattern, $prime, $sentence );
$sentence = preg_replace( $flag_after_digit, $prime, $sentence );
$sentence = str_replace( $flag, $close_quote, $sentence );
} elseif ( 1 == $count ) {
// Found only one closing quote candidate, so give it priority over primes.
$sentence = str_replace( $flag, $close_quote, $sentence );
$sentence = preg_replace( $prime_pattern, $prime, $sentence );
// No closing quotes found. Just run primes pattern.
$sentence = preg_replace( $prime_pattern, $prime, $sentence );
$sentence = preg_replace( $prime_pattern, $prime, $sentence );
$sentence = preg_replace( $quote_pattern, $close_quote, $sentence );
if ( '"' === $needle && false !== strpos( $sentence, '"' ) ) {
$sentence = str_replace( '"', $close_quote, $sentence );
return implode( $open_quote, $sentences );
* Search for disabled element tags. Push element to stack on tag open and pop
* Assumes first char of $text is tag opening and last char is tag closing.
* Assumes second char of $text is optionally '/' to indicate closing as in </html>.
* @param string $text Text to check. Must be a tag like `<html>` or `[shortcode]`.
* @param string[] $stack Array of open tag elements.
* @param string[] $disabled_elements Array of tag names to match against. Spaces are not allowed in tag names.
function _wptexturize_pushpop_element( $text, &$stack, $disabled_elements ) {
// Is it an opening tag or closing tag?
if ( isset( $text[1] ) && '/' !== $text[1] ) {
} elseif ( 0 === count( $stack ) ) {
// Stack is empty. Just stop.
// Parse out the tag name.
$space = strpos( $text, ' ' );
if ( false === $space ) {
$tag = substr( $text, $name_offset, $space );
if ( in_array( $tag, $disabled_elements, true ) ) {
* This disables texturize until we find a closing tag of our type
* (e.g. <pre>) even if there was invalid nesting before that.
* Example: in the case <pre>sadsadasd</code>"baba"</pre>
* "baba" won't be texturized.
array_push( $stack, $tag );
} elseif ( end( $stack ) == $tag ) {
* Replaces double line breaks with paragraph elements.
* A group of regex replaces used to identify text formatted with newlines and
* replace double line breaks with HTML paragraph tags. The remaining line breaks
* after conversion become <<br />> tags, unless $br is set to '0' or 'false'.
* @param string $pee The text which has to be formatted.
* @param bool $br Optional. If set, this will convert all remaining line breaks
* after paragraphing. Line breaks within `<script>`, `<style>`,
* and `<svg>` tags are not affected. Default true.
* @return string Text which has been converted into correct paragraph tags.
function wpautop( $pee, $br = true ) {
if ( trim( $pee ) === '' ) {
// Just to make things a little easier, pad the end.
* Pre tags shouldn't be touched by autop.
* Replace pre tags with placeholders and bring them back after autop.
if ( strpos( $pee, '<pre' ) !== false ) {
$pee_parts = explode( '</pre>', $pee );
$last_pee = array_pop( $pee_parts );
foreach ( $pee_parts as $pee_part ) {
$start = strpos( $pee_part, '<pre' );
if ( false === $start ) {
$name = "<pre wp-pre-tag-$i></pre>";
$pre_tags[ $name ] = substr( $pee_part, $start ) . '</pre>';
$pee .= substr( $pee_part, 0, $start ) . $name;
// Change multiple <br>'s into two line breaks, which will turn into paragraphs.
$pee = preg_replace( '|<br\s*/?>\s*<br\s*/?>|', "\n\n", $pee );
$allblocks = '(?:table|thead|tfoot|caption|col|colgroup|tbody|tr|td|th|div|dl|dd|dt|ul|ol|li|pre|form|map|area|blockquote|address|math|style|p|h[1-6]|hr|fieldset|legend|section|article|aside|hgroup|header|footer|nav|figure|figcaption|details|menu|summary)';
// Add a double line break above block-level opening tags.
$pee = preg_replace( '!(<' . $allblocks . '[\s/>])!', "\n\n$1", $pee );
// Add a double line break below block-level closing tags.
$pee = preg_replace( '!(</' . $allblocks . '>)!', "$1\n\n", $pee );
// Add a double line break after hr tags, which are self closing.
$pee = preg_replace( '!(<hr\s*?/?>)!', "$1\n\n", $pee );
// Standardize newline characters to "\n".
$pee = str_replace( array( "\r\n", "\r" ), "\n", $pee );
// Find newlines in all elements and add placeholders.
$pee = wp_replace_in_html_tags( $pee, array( "\n" => ' <!-- wpnl --> ' ) );
// Collapse line breaks before and after <option> elements so they don't get autop'd.
It is recommended that you Edit text format, this type of Fix handles quite a lot in one request
