var collectionMethods = {forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 0,
foldl: 0, inject: 0, reduceRight: 0, foldr: 0, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3, findIndex: 3, findLastIndex: 3};
// Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
// number of arguments they take.
var modelMethods = {keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1};
// Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
[Collection, collectionMethods, 'models'],
[Model, modelMethods, 'attributes']
Base.mixin = function(obj) {
var mappings = _.reduce(_.functions(obj), function(memo, name) {
addUnderscoreMethods(Base, obj, mappings, attribute);
addUnderscoreMethods(Base, _, methods, attribute);
// Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
// models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
// model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
// to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
// * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
// * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
// * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
// Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
// as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
// as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
// instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
// Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
// it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
var type = methodMap[method];
// Default options, unless specified.
_.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
// Default JSON-request options.
var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
// Ensure that we have a URL.
params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
// Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
params.contentType = 'application/json';
params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
// For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
if (options.emulateJSON) {
params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
// For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
// And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
// Don't process data on a non-GET request.
if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
params.processData = false;
// Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
var error = options.error;
options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
options.textStatus = textStatus;
options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
// Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
// Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
// Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
// Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
Backbone.ajax = function() {
return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
// Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
// matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
options || (options = {});
this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
// Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
// parts of route strings.
var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
var namedParam = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
var splatParam = /\*\w+/g;
var escapeRegExp = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
_.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
// preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
// or object. preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Router.
preinitialize: function(){},
// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
initialize: function(){},
// Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
// this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
route: function(route, name, callback) {
if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
if (_.isFunction(name)) {
if (!callback) callback = this[name];
Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
router.trigger('route', name, args);
Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
// Execute a route handler with the provided parameters. This is an
// excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
execute: function(callback, args, name) {
if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
// Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
navigate: function(fragment, options) {
Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
// Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
// order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
// routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
_bindRoutes: function() {
if (!this.routes) return;
this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
// Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
// against the current location hash.
_routeToRegExp: function(route) {
route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
.replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
.replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
.replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
// Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
// extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
// treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
_extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
// Don't decode the search params.
if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
// Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
// [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
// [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
// and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
// falls back to polling.
var History = Backbone.History = function() {
this.checkUrl = this.checkUrl.bind(this);
// Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
this.location = window.location;
this.history = window.history;
// Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
// Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
// Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
// Has the history handling already been started?
// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
_.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
// The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
// twenty times a second.
// Are we at the app root?
var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
// Does the pathname match the root?
var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
var rootPath = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
return rootPath === this.root;
// Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
// decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
// of an encoded parameter.
decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
// In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
// fragment contains `?`.
var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
return match ? match[0] : '';
// Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
// in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
getHash: function(window) {
var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
return match ? match[1] : '';
// Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
var path = this.decodeFragment(
this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
).slice(this.root.length - 1);
return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
// Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
getFragment: function(fragment) {
if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
fragment = this.getPath();
fragment = this.getHash();
return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
// Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
// an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
start: function(options) {
if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
// Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
// Is pushState desired ... is it available?
this.options = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
this.root = this.options.root;
this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
this._hasHashChange = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
this._useHashChange = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
this._wantsPushState = !!this.options.pushState;
this._hasPushState = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
this._usePushState = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
this.fragment = this.getFragment();
// Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
// Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
// If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
// browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
var rootPath = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
this.location.replace(rootPath + '#' + this.getPath());
// Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
// Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
// in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
} else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
// Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
// support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
// `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
var body = document.body;
// Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
iWindow.document.close();
iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
// Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
// Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
// 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
if (this._usePushState) {
addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
} else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
// Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
// but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
// Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
// Remove window listeners.
if (this._usePushState) {
removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
} else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
// Clean up the iframe if necessary.
document.body.removeChild(this.iframe);
// Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
// Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
// may override previous routes.
route: function(route, callback) {
this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
// Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
// calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
var current = this.getFragment();
// If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
// changed and we should use that for comparison.
if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow);
if (current === this.fragment) return false;
if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
// Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
// match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
loadUrl: function(fragment) {
// If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
if (!this.matchRoot()) return false;
fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
handler.callback(fragment);
// Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
// 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
// the fragment in advance.
// The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
// route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
// you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
navigate: function(fragment, options) {
if (!History.started) return false;
if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
// Normalize the fragment.
fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
// Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
var rootPath = this.root;
if (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?') {
rootPath = rootPath.slice(0, -1) || '/';
var url = rootPath + fragment;
// Strip the fragment of the query and hash for matching.
fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, '');
var decodedFragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment);
if (this.fragment === decodedFragment) return;
this.fragment = decodedFragment;
// If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
if (this._usePushState) {
this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
It is recommended that you Edit text format, this type of Fix handles quite a lot in one request
